《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载

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3. 过去分词（短语）作状语

(1) 过去分词（短语）作时间状语 Seen under a microscope ,a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.
在显微镜下观察，刚飘下的雪花呈精巧的六角形。
(=when it is seen under the microscope)
When heated, ice will be changed into water.
当冰受热时，它就会变成水。
(=when it is heated)

(2) 过去分词（短语）作原因状语
Many of us, being so excited ,could not go to sleep that night
我们很多人是那样的激动，那天晚上都没有睡着。
(=because we were so excited)
Born and bred in the countryside，sister Carrie was bewildered by the big city.
嘉莉妹妹生长在乡下，对这座大城市感到迷惑。
Gone from home so long，they joyously embraced their mates of boyhood.
他们久离家乡，高兴地拥抱他们的儿时伙伴。
Raised in an atmosphere of love，Shaw is always willing to help others.
肖在充满了爱的环境中长大，所以他总是愿意帮助别人。

(3) 过去分词（短语）作条件状语
Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form.
如果印成书的形式，有些大城市的报纸的销量会相当可观。
Seen in this light，the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.
从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。
Given better attention，the cabbages could grow even faster.
白菜照管得好会生长得更快。
Considered from this point，the question is of great importance.
从这一点看，这个问题很重要。

(4) 过去分词（短语）作让步状语
Mocked at by everybody，he had my sympathy.
人人都嘲笑他，但我却同情他。
Left to his own devices，Charles did not relax his efforts.
查尔斯虽孤立无援，但他并没有放松自己的努力。
Although exhausted by the climb，he continued his journey.
他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前进。

(5) 过去分词（短语）作方式状语
I finished the work as requested.
我按要求完成了工作。
As scheduled， the two friends met on May 10.
根据安排，两个朋友于5月10日见了面。
That fellow was walking with a limp as if injured.
那家伙一瘸一拐地走着，似乎受了伤。
但要注意：过去分词（短语）作方式状语时，前面通常带有as， as if等从属连词，此时可视为省略的让步状语从句。

(6) 过去分词（短语）作伴随状语
Found in all parts of the state，pines are the most common trees in Georgia.
松树在佐治亚州随处可见，是该州最普通的树木。
He went to work，burdened with worries.
他心事重重地上班去了。
The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests
校长走进了实验室，后面跟着外宾。

 

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第二章、过去分词的结构

1. 过去分词独立结构

过去分词有时可有其独立主语，二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中，常用作状语，用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。如：
He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.
他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随)
This done，we went home.
做完此事，我们就回家了。（表时间）
All our savings gone，the couple started looking for jobs.
积蓄全部用完了，这对夫妻就开始找工作。（表原因）
That point settled，the speaker went on to the next one.
那个问题讲完了，演讲人继续讲下一个问题。（表时间）

2. with/without+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构

With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考虑到了，我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。
With different methods used，different results are obtained.
采用不同的方法，得到不同的结果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一个字也没说，就生气地走了。

 

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3. 过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语

(1) 过去分词（短语）在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语，这些词语有： have 让，使 keep 使处于某状态 get 使得
see 看见 hear 听见 find 发现
feel 感觉到 leave 使处于某状态 make 使
want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意
observe 观察 watch 注视 set 使处于某状态


如：
The work left him exhausted.
这个活使得他筋疲力尽。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修过了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不说的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。
(2)过去分词（短语）在使役动词get或have之后作宾语补足语，表示的动作往往是由别人完成的。如：
I had my car repaired
我把我的车修好了。（别人修的）
I had my hair cut
我理发了。（别人给我理的）
We must get the television set repaired
我们必须把电视机修好。（被别人修）
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗户给打破了。（被他人打破）

 

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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十四：介词

介词的种类、短语及搭配

介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。

1. 介词的种类

英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类：
(1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词

①.简单介词是指单一介词。如：
at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。

②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如：
Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。

③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如：
In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。

(2). 按词义分类

{1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如：
About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。

{2} 表时间的介词。如：
About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。

 

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{3} 表除去的介词。如：
beside , but, except等。

{4} 表比较的介词。如：
As, like, above, over等。

{5} 表反对的介词。如：
againt ,with 等。

{6} 表原因、目的的介词。如：
for, with, from 等。

{7} 表结果的介词。如：
to, with , without 等。

{8} 表手段、方式的介词。如：
by, in ,with 等。

{9} 表所属的介词。如：
of , with 等。

{10} 表条件的介词。如：
on, without , considering 等。

{11} 表让步的介词。如：
despite, in spite notwithstanding等。

{12} 表关于的介词。如：
About, concerning, regarding ,with regard to, as for , as to

{13} 表对于的介词。如：
to, for over , at , with 等。

{14} 表根据的介词。如：
on, according to 等。

{15} 表其他的介词。如：
for(赞成)，without（没有）等。

2. 介词短语

(1).介词短语的构成 介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构、短语或从句叫介词宾语。介词短语是指介词和介词宾语构成的短语。介词短语的构成主要有下面的形式：

{1} 介词＋名词。如：
The headmaster lives near the school
校长住在学校附近。

{2} 介词＋名词性从句。如：
I am curious as to what she will say.
我很想知道她想说什么。

{3} 介词＋代词。如：
What do you know about him ?
关于他，你都知道些什么？

{4} 介词＋动名词短语或其复合结构。如：
He is interested in swimming.
他对游泳感兴趣。
The painter is keen on collecting coins
那位画家喜欢收集硬币。
There are no risk of you being late
你不会迟到的。

{5} 介词＋连接词或连接副词引导的从句或不定式。如：
Your success will largely depend upon how you do it.
你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。
The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English .
老师给我们做了一个如何学英语的讲座。

{6} 介词＋数词。如：
Six from twelve is six
12减6等于6。

 

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{7} 介词＋形容词。如：
We know her of old
我们老早就认识了她。

{8} 介词＋副词。如：
They worked all day and had a hurried luch in between .
他们工作了一整天，中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。

(2). 介词短语的作用
介词短语在句中可作多种句子成分：

{1} 作主语。如：
From the library to the teaching building is a 5 minutes’ walk.
从图书馆到教学楼要走五分钟。

{2} 作表语。如：
Are you for the plan?
你赞成这个计划吗？
I was at my grandma’s yesterday.
我昨天在我奶奶家。

{3} 作宾语。如：
He gave me until tomorrow.
他给我的期限是到明天。
The dog came out from behind the tree.．
狗从树后出来。（behind the tree 作介词from 的宾语）

{4} 作定语。如：
She is a woman of strong character.
她是位性格坚强的女人。
The expert will give us a lecture on how to improve soil.
这个专家将给我们作一个如何改良土壤的讲座。

{5} 作补语。如：
He woke up and found himself in hospital
他醒来发现自己在医院里。（in hospital作宾补）
As a doctor ,he is always patient with the patients
作为一个医生，他一贯对患者很耐心。（As a doctor 作主补）

{6} 作状语。如：
I wil be free on Tuesday morning.
星期二上午我有空。（时间状语）
We’ll meet at the station .
我们将在火车站碰面。（地点状语）
She covered her face with her hands and cried
她用双手捂着脸哭。（方式状语）
He left home and worked in a big city for the sake o f money .
他为了赚钱，离家到一个大城市工作。（目的状语）
The tree died from want of water .
这棵树因缺水而死。（原因状语）
In spite of all his effort ,he failed
尽管他很努力，但还是失败了。（让步状语）
No living thing can live without water.
生物离开水都无法生存。（条件状语）
With the words, he came into the room他说着话就进来了。（伴随状语）
To a great extent, it is not fair .
在很大程度上，这是不公平的。（程度状语）
In general her works have been good, but this one is dreaful.
总的来说，她的作品很不错，不过这篇很糟。?( in general 作评注性状语)
It doesn’t seem ugly to me , on the contrary, I think it’s very beautiful.
我觉得它不丑，恰恰相反，我觉得它很美。（on the cntrary作连接性状语）

 

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3. 介词与其他词类的固定搭配

介词常常和形容词、名词、动词等构成固定搭配，即某些词的后面常要求特定的介词以表示固定的意义。

(1).形容词与介词的固定搭配
形容词与介词的固定搭配

{1} 形容词+about
Angry with对……生气　　anxous about担心　calm about对……很平静
care bout小心　　　careless about粗心 　　certain about对……有把握
curious about对……好奇　　sure about确信　　doubtful about对……怀疑
enthusiastic about对……热情的；热心的　　　hopeful about对……抱希望
frank about对……坦白的；坦率的　　incredulous about对……不相信

{2} 形容词+at
clever at擅长于……　　expert at对……熟练的　　good at擅长于……
indignant at对……愤慨的　　quick at做……敏捷　　slow at 对……反应慢
surprised at对……吃惊

{3} 形容词+for
anxious for渴望的　　　eligible for有资格的　　famous for因……而著名
fit for对某人适宜　　　hungry for对……渴望　　late for迟到
possible for可能　　　qualified for有资格的　　ready for准备好
responsible for对……负责　　　necessary for为……所必需

{4} 形容词+from
absent from缺席　　free from使……摆脱　　prohibited from禁止某事物
safe from安全　　detached from分开某物　　different from与……不同

{5} 形容词+in
absorbed in专心于　　　disappointed in对……失望　　experienced in有经验
expert in 在……熟练　　fortunate in有幸　　　interested in对……感兴趣
rich in富于；盛产　　　successful in在……成功

{6} 形容词+ of
afraid of害怕　　ashamed of羞耻　　aware of知道　　certain of确信
fond of喜爱　　　guilty of有罪的　　　proud of骄傲　　short of缺乏
sick of厌烦　　tired of厌倦　　worthy of值得

 

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{7} 形容词+to
contrary to与……相反　　determined to有决心的　　equal to等于
familiar to为……所熟悉　　favourabel to对……有利　　harmful to有害的
inclined to准备做某事　　indifferent to对……不在乎　　similar to相似；相同

{8} 形容词+with
angry with对……感到恼火　　annoyed at对……烦恼　　busy with忙于
crowded with拥挤　　familiar with精通；熟悉　　friendly with与……友好
nervouse with对……感到紧张　　patient with对……有耐心　　popularwith受欢迎
satified with对……满意

{9} 形容词+on
dependent on依靠　　intend on坚决；专心　keen on热衷于某事物　severe on严格的

(2). 名词与介词的固定搭配

{1} 介词+名词。如：
at the cinema在电影院　at university上大学
　 from……point of view从某人的角度　　for the sake of为了
in poerty 在穷困中　　in earnest有决心的
on sale在出售　　　　on the average平均的 on the contrary相反地
on the radio 通过收音机 　to some extent某种程度
to one’ssurprise让某人吃惊　　to one’sdelight让某人高兴

{2} 名词+介词。如：
dependence on依靠　　　　independence on不依靠
discussion about/on关于……的讨论　　　hundres on数以百计的
thousands of成千上万的　　　　influence on对……的影响
explanationof/for对……的解释　　　　　half of……的一半
the idea of……的主意　　　　lack of缺乏
proof of……的证据　　　　　reason of……的原因
Responsibility for对……的责任　　　　　success in/at在……成功

 

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(3). 动词与介词的固定搭配

{1} 动词+介词 agree with同意；赞同 arrive at到达 arrive in到达
fall behind 落后 come from来自 sonsist of由……组成
get to到达 hear from收到……来信 hear of听说
laugh at嘲笑 listen to听 look after照看；照料
look at看 look for寻找 look like看起来


{2} 动词+副词+介词 catch up with赶上； 超过
do well in在……方面做得好 get on with与某人相处
go on with继续 take care of关心 take part in参加

 

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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十五：并列连词

并列连词

并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）是指用来连接彼此是并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的词，被连接的两个部分彼此是独立的，在句法上是平等的。

1. 并列连词的种类 类 别 例 词
表示并列关系 and　　as well as　　both…and
not only,but also　　neither…nor
表示选择关系 or　　　or else　　　either…nor
表示转折关系 but　　　yet　　　while　　whereas
表示因果关系 for　　　so



2. and

(1) and和；与；及；同；并
Time and tide wait for no man . 时不我待。(and表示并列)
Everything ought to be beautiful in a human being: face，and dress，and soul，and ideas.
人的面貌，衣着，心灵，思想，一切都应是美丽的。

(2) and然后； 接着
They shook hands and began to talk at once.
他们握了手后立刻开始了谈话。(and表示顺序)
He came and sat down and spoke to me.
他来后坐下来和我说话。

(3) and而且；还；又
I know that he has been arrested and that he is in prison.
我知道他已经被捕并且进了监狱。
Shute is healthy and handsome.
舒特既健康又英俊。

(4) and那么；则
Come early and you will see him.
早些来，那么你就会见到他了。
Try again and you will succeed.
再试一次，你就会成功。

 

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3. but

(1) but但是；可是；然而
She wants to go to college but her parents want her to get married.
她想念大学，但她父母希望她结婚。
The car is very old but in good condition. 这辆车旧了，但性能还不错。

(2) but(用于否定结构后)而(是)
Virtue dwells not in the tongue but in the heart.
看人看心不看嘴。
He didn’t come to help，but to hinder us.
他不是来帮忙，而是来阻碍我们的。

4. or

(1) or或；或者；还是
He must be mad or drunk.
他不是疯了就是喝醉了。
Scotch or Bourbon?
要苏格兰威士忌还是波旁威士忌？

(2) or否则； 要不然
Be quick，or it may be too late.
快点，不然就会迟到。
Do not move， or you are a dead man.
不要动，不然要你的命。

(3) or(用于否定句) 也不
He never smokes or drinks.
他从不抽烟，也不喝酒。

5.or else

or else 否则；要不然
Hurry up，or else you’ll miss the last bus.
快点，不然你就赶不上末班车了。
Let’s get moving，or else we’ll miss the train.
我们走吧，不然就赶不上火车了。

 

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6.for

for 因为；由于……的缘故
Sanger has to stay up tonight ,for there is a lot of homework to do.
桑格今晚不得不熬夜，因为有许多作业要做。
The two brothers decided to leave at dawn，for they had many miles to cover.
两兄弟决定黎明启程，因为他们要走许多英里。

7.so

so因此；所以
It began to rain, so we went home． 天开始下雨了，我们就回家了。
Everybody lent a hand， so the task was done on time.
人人动手，所以任务按时完成了。

8.yet

yet可是；然而
He worked hard， yet he failed.
他工作努力，可是他失败了。
She said she would be late， yet she arrived on time.
她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。
15.9 whereas
whereas 然而； 但是； 尽管
Some people like fat meat， whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
Some people like strong tobacco，whereas others don?t.
有些人喜欢抽烈性烟，而有些人则不喜欢。
She is diligent，whereas he is lazy.
她很勤快，而他却懒惰。

10.as well as

as well as 除……之外；既……又；与……一样；和
On Sundays， his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.
逢星期天，女房东除早饭外还供应他正餐。
Hiking is good exercise as well as fun.
徒步旅行很有趣味，也是很好的锻炼。
In theory as well as in practice，the idea is unsound.
这个主意在理论上和实践上都站不住脚。
He would like to go as well as you.
他和你一样想去。

 

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11.both...and...

both...and ... 和……（两者）都； 不仅……而且； 既……又
Both Mary and Peter are washing the dishes.
玛丽和彼得都在洗盘子。
Mary both washes the dishes and dries them.
玛丽不仅洗盘子，而且把它们揩干。
Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow.
小麦和大麦明天都要装船运走。
Chickens are raised for both meat and eggs.
养鸡既可吃肉，又可吃蛋。

12.not only...but also...

not only...but also... 不但……而且……
Such work is not only devalued in that country，its nature is widely misunderstood.
这种工作在那个国家不但被贬低，而且工作的性质也被许多人误解了。
He plays not only the piano，but also the violin.
他不仅弹钢琴，而且还拉小提琴。
He can speak not only English, but also French. 他不仅会说英语，而且会说法语。
I not only heard it，but saw it.
我不但听到而且也看到了。
但要注意：not only...but also...中的but或also有时可省略；当not only... but also...位于句首时，可能引起倒装。

13.either...or..

either...or...或……或……；要么……要么……；不是……就是……
Either come in or go out.
要么进来，要么出去。
He is either drunk or mad.
他不是醉了就是疯了。
The criminal refused to either speak or eat.
罪犯不肯讲也不肯吃。

14.neither...nor...

neither...nor... 既不……也不……； ……和……都不
Neither Mary nor Tom came to our party yesterday.
昨天玛丽和汤姆都没来参加我们的晚会。
He neither drinks，smokes，nor eats meat.
他既不喝酒抽烟，也不吃肉。
但要注意：当neither...nor...位于句首时，可能引起倒装。

 

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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十六：名词性从句

名词性从句（Noun Clause）在句子中起名词作用，根据它们在句中所起的语法作用，这类从句又可分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和形容词补语从句。由于名词从句和名词作用相同，因此，可用作句子的主语、表语、宾语和介词宾语等。

1. 主语从句

(1) that引导的主语从句
that引导的主语从句可以位于句首， 而常见的形式是将作形式主语用的先行词it置于句首。
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他来参加讨论是肯定无疑的。
That mathematics is one of the most useful and fascinating divisions in human knowledge is widely accepted
数学是人类知识中最有用和最令人着迷的部分之一，这一点受到了广泛的认可。
It is strange that she did not come yesterday.
很奇怪，她昨天没有来。
It is a pity that Mr Brown can’t attend our English meeting.
真可惜，布朗先生不能出席我们的英语晚会。

(2) 连接代词和连接副词以及连接词whether引导的主语从句
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
这事会对我们有害还是有益，还要等等看。
Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。
Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting.．
为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大，这事很有趣。
疑问词引导的主语从句可以位于句首，也可以借助于先行词it后置。如：
Whether or not an object floats depends on the density of both the object and the water.
一个物体是否会浮起，既取决于该物体的密度，又取决于水的密度。

(3) 名词性关系代词what， whatever， whichever， whoever引导的主语从句。
Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.
违反本法者应予以罚款。
Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize.
(你们中)谁先来谁得奖。
What one thinks and feels is mainly due to tradition， habit and education.
一个人的思想和感情主要归因于传统、习惯和教育。(What=the thing which/that)

 

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2. 表语从句

(1) that引导的表语从句
My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
我的建议是你该好好利用你的时间。
The reason Tom failed in the exam was that he didn’t work hard.
汤姆考试没过的原因是学习不努力。

(2) 连接代词和连接副词以及连接词whether引导的表语从句
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。
(引导表语从句的whether不能换作if）
That is why she had a day off yesterday .
那就是她昨天请假的原因。

(3) as if等引导的表语从句
It looks as if it is going to rain.
看起来天要下雨。
I felt as though my head were splitting.
我觉得头仿佛要裂开似的。

注：除了as if/as though之外，从属连词as 和 because 也可以引导表语从句。
Things are not always as they seem to be.事情并不总是如其表象。
It may be because he is too busy .这可能是因为他太年轻了。
It is because he doesn’t know hers.这是由于他不认识她。

 

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3. 宾语从句

(1) that引导的宾语从句
I know that he is friendly and hospitable.
我知道他很友好而且好客。
(由连接代词引导）
Almost all economists agree that nations gain by trading with one another .
几乎所有的经济学家都承认，各国在相互的贸易中受益。

注：① they told us once again that the situation was serious .
他告诉我们说形势是严重的。
(亦可以说They told us that once again that the situation was serious).
(他们告诉我们说形势又严重了)但是两句中的that皆不可以省去，否则会产生歧义。

② He said he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.
他说他不能马上告诉你，你是不会理解的。
(said 之后可以省去that，但第二个that 不可省去。)

③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。(that 从句置于句首是，that 不可省去)

④ We decided ,in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定给他一段试用期

(2) 连接代词、连接副词以及连接词whether/if引导的宾语从句
History innguists stdudy how languages evolve over time
历史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。(由连接副词引导)
Do you know when we shall have a meeting?
你知道我们什么时候开会吗？(由连接副词引导)
I asked him if he sure what he is doing.
我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？(连接词if以及连接代词引导)
The teacher asked me whether or not I finished my work?
老师问我是否完成了作业。(连接词wheter引导)

(3) 名词性关系代词what，whatever，whichever，whoever引导的宾语从句
He gave whoever asked for it a copy of his latest paper.
不论谁要他都将他最近写的论文给他一份。
The President is determined to resist what he regards as blackmail by the terrorists. 总统决心抵制他所认为的恐怖分子的敲诈。
You can call me whatever you like.
你叫我什么都行。
You may choose which appeals to you.
你对哪个感兴趣就可以选哪个。
Use which method you prefer.
你喜欢哪个方法就用哪个方法。

 

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4. 介词宾语从句

(1) that引导的介词宾语从句
that引导的介词宾语从句仅限于用在except，but，notwithstanding等少数介词后。
His account is correct except that some details are omitted.
除了有些细节未提到外，他的叙述是正确的。
He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
要不是他那时缺钱，他一定会帮助我们的。

(2) 连接代词和连接副词引导的介词宾语从句
I have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.
对他将走哪条路线，我们还没有确切的情报。
I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.
除你告诉我的情况以外，对此事我一无所知。
但要注意：引导介词宾语从句的whether不能换作if。

(3) 名词性关系代词what， whatever， whichever， whoever引导的介词宾语从句
The boy was interested in whatever he saw here
那孩子对在那里看到的任何事物都感兴趣。
The first prize should go to whoever writes best.
头等奖应颁给最优秀的作者。

5. 同位语从句

(1) that引导的同位语从句
We are very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.
听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息我们非常激动。
A new idea occurred to him that it could be done in a very simple way.
他想出一个新主意：这件事可以用一种很简单的方法完成。

 

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(2) 连接代词和连接副词引导的同位语从句
同位语从句通常由that引导，但随着与其同位的名词的不同，也可由whether, when, which, who, how, what,why等引出。如：
The question , whether we need it , has not yet been considered
我们是否需要它，这个问题还没有被考虑。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何时回来。
I have no idea which dictionary is hers.
我不知道哪本词典是她的。

(3) 同位语从句的位置
同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面，而是被其他的词隔开了。如：
We’ve just heard a warming on the radio that a typehoo may be on its way .
我们刚从广播里听到一则气象警报，说有一股台风即将到来。
The question came up at the meeting whether weo had enough meoney for our research.
会上提出了我们的研究经费是否够的问题。

6. 形容词补语从句

(1) that引导的形容词补语从句
We are certain that he will get over his illness.
我们相信他会康复的。
Ralph was disappointed that he didn?t finish the work on time.
拉尔夫没有按时完成工作，感到很失望。
但要注意：引导形容词补语从句的that可以省略。

(2) 连接代词、连接副词和连接词whether引导的形容词补语从句
I’m not certain whether the train will arrive on time.
我没有把握火车是否会准点到达。
The beggar was too sleepy to be aware how cold it was.
这个乞丐太困了，没意识到天气有多冷。

 

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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十七：定语从句

第一章、定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）通常皆放在它所修饰的名、代词之后，这种名、代词就叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句在四、六级和研究生入学考试以及各类应试中都是一项重要的测试内容。

1.关系代词引导的定语从句

在下面几种情况下必须用关系代词that引导定语从句:

(1) 先行词是不定代词all ,few,little,everthing ,nothing anyting,none等。如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如：
This is the best movie I’ve ever seen.
这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。

(3) 先行词被all, any ,every ,each, few,little, no ,some等修饰时。如：
I have read all the books(that )you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。

(4) 先行词被the only , the every ,the same, the last 修饰时。如：
He is the only person that I want to talk to .
他就是我要谈话的那个人。

(5) 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如：
They are talking about thins and persons that they remembered.
他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。

(6) 为避免重复，在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中。如：
Who is the girl that is crying ?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours
从图书馆借的哪一本书是你的？

(7) 用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time , moment 代替when 。如：
It happened on the day that/when he was born
这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。

(8) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which则另一个用that 。如：
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.
这个国家建立了一个工厂，生产以前未曾见到过的东西。

(9) 主句以there be开头。如：
This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那个角落还有个座位空着。

 

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2. 限制性定语从句

(1) who引导的限制性定语从句
关系代词who用于指人，通常在句中作主语。在非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，而且常常省略。在作介词宾语时，不能位于介词之后。如：
A doctor is a person who looks after people?蒺s health.
医生是关照人们健康的人。
Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.
懂这一行的人是不会说这样的话的。
The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
There’s no one works harder than you. 没有比你更用功的人了。
(no one后省去了用作 主语的who)

(2) whom引导的限制性定语从句
The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.
她相遇的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。
I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.
我刚遇到一位我上个星期见过的贵妇人。
关系代词whom用于指人，是who的宾格形式，在从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，常常省略。whom作介词宾语时，介词可位于whom之前或句末，在非正式文体中常位于句末；紧接介词的whom不能省略。
He wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books and music.
他想找个能共同研讨书和音乐的人。
This is the teacher (whom) we have talked about.
这就是我们谈论过的那个老师。

(3) whose引导的限制性定语从句
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物：
An electromagnet is a device whose magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.
电磁铁是一种由充电的磁铁产生磁力的装置。
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的话他可能会听。
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。