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perspicacious中的PER-意为thoroughly,参见perfidious;SPIC,也作SPEC, SPECT,有时作SPIS,源自拉丁语,意为to look, look at or behold(aspect, auspicious, bespectacled, circumspect, conspicuous, despicable, despise, disrespect, expect, expectant, expectation, inspector, introspection, perspective, perspicacity, prospect, respect, respectable, special, specific, specification, specify, specious, spectacle, spectacular, spectator, specter, spectrum, speculate, suspect, suspicion, suspicious);形容词后缀-ACIOUS意为“有…倾向的,爱…的,…多的”(loquacious, pugnacious),perspicacious意为“颖悟的;敏锐的;聪明的”,古意为“眼光锐利的”,如:a perspicacious critic(一位敏锐的批评家)
  
  phantasm中的PHAN可作词根,也作PHEN, FAN,源自希腊语,意为to appear or seem, to present to the mind(diaphanous, fanciful, fantasy, phantasmagoria, phenomenon),phantasm为希腊语借词,意为“幻像,幻影;幽灵;幻想,空想”,古意为“幻觉,错觉”,如:When night fell, his imagination filled the old, dark house with phantasms.(当夜幕降临,在他想象中,那所阴暗的老房子显得鬼影。)
 

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phenomenon中的PHEN即PHAN,参见上文;phenomenon为拉丁语借词,源自希腊语,phenomenon意为“(哲学的)现象,事件(pl. phenomena);稀有现象;奇迹;珍奇;珍品;非凡的人(pl. phenomenons);(医学的)症候”,如:It’s a TV program about the phenomenon of international terrorism.(这个电视节目是有关国际恐怖主义现象的。)/ Still walking five miles a day at the age of 100, the woman was an absolute phenomenon.(都100岁高龄了还每天步行5英里,这位老妇真可谓奇人。)
  
  philosophy中的PHILO,即PHIL,源自希腊语,意为love, loving, to love, to like(anglophile, bibliophile, Philadelphia, philanderer, philanthropist, philanthropy, philharmonic, philologist, philology, philosopher),参见bibliophile,另参见前缀MISO-;SOPH也源自希腊语,意为wisdom(sophist, sophisticate, sophisticated, sophistry, Sophocles, sophomore);后缀-Y在此表示抽象名词,参见heterodoxy,philosophy意为“哲学;哲理,哲学体系;世界观,人生观;宗旨;(某一门学科的)基本原理;哲学家的态度,达观,泰然自若;悟道,大悟;(除医学、法学、神学外的)所有学科;(古语指)中世纪大学的高等学术”,如:the philosophy of Nietzsche(尼采的思想体系)/ Eastern religions and philosophies(东方的宗教与哲学)/ My philosophy is, I leave work at 6 o’clock and forget all about it till the next day.(我的态度是,6点下班之后就再也不想工作的事,等到第二天上班再说。)
 

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 phosphorescent中的PHOS,也作PHOT/PHOTO,源自希腊语,意为light(phosphor, phosphorus, photogenic, photography, photon, photosynthesis);PHOR也源自希腊语,意为to carry, to bear,后缀-PHORE则意为bearer, carrier(phoresis, semaphore);PHOS与PHOR构成的前缀PHOSPHOR-,也作PHOSPHORO-,表示“磷,磷光,含磷的”(phosphorate, phosphoresce, phosphorescence, phosphorograph, phosphorography, phosphoroscope, phosphorous),而前缀PHOSPHO-/PHOSPH-仅表示“磷”(phosphate, phosphide, phosphonic);形容词后缀-ESCENT表示“开始…,变为…”,“…期的”,“…性的”(adolescent, evanescent, obsolescent, recrudescent),对应的名词后缀为-ESCENCE,表示“作用”,“变化”,“过程”,“状态”(convalescence, luminescence),对应的动词后缀为-ESCE,常用于拉丁语系动词之后,表示“开始…”,“…起来”,“渐渐…”,“…化”(等)(convalesce, efferoesce),phosphorescent意为“发磷光的,磷光质的”,如:a pale green phosphorescent light(绿磷质的弱光)
  
  photosynthesis中的PHOTO意为light,参见上文;前缀SYN-,用于字母l之前作SYL-,用于b, m, p之前作SYM-,用于r之前作SYR-,用于s之前作SYS-或SY-,表示“共,合,同,与,连,类”(asymmetric, syllable, syllabus, syllogism, symbiosis, symbiotic, symmetrical, symmetry, sympathetic, sympathy, symphonic, symphony, symposium, symptom, symptomatic, synagogue, synapse, synchronize, synchronous, syndrome, synergistic, synergy, synonym, synopsis, synthesis, synthetic, system, systematic, systematize);THESIS意为putting(antithesis, synthesis, thesis),photosynthesis意为“光合作用;光能合成”,如:Sagebrush survives in harsh climates because it is capable of carrying on photosynthesis at very low temperatures.(山艾能在恶劣的气候中存活下来是由于在低温条件之下还能进行光合作用。)
 

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placebo中的PLAC,也作PLAIS,源自拉丁语,意为to please or to be agreeable to, to soothe or calm(complaisant, implacable, placidity, pleasing, pleasant, pleasurable),参见complaisant;placebo来自拉丁语,拉丁语原意为I shall please,英语词placebo意为“晚祷悼声或丧歌;安慰物,安慰剂;宽心话”,如:Your words have placebo effect to her.(你的话对她有安慰之效。)
  
  politicize中的POLIT,也作POLI, POLIS,源自希腊语,意为city,参见metropolis;后缀-IC参见paternalistic;动词后缀-IZE参见centralize,politicize作vi.意为“进行政治活动;谈论政治”,作vt.意为“使政治化;从政治上处理”,如:Abortion is already a highly politicized issue.(堕胎是否合法是个高度政治化的议题。)
 

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polytheism中的前缀POLY源自希腊语,意为many(polyandry, polychromatic, polychrome, polygamy, polyglot, polygon, polygraph, polymer, polymorphous, polyphonic, polyphony, polysyllabic, polytechnic, polytheistic);THE,也作THEO,源自希腊语,意为god(apotheosis, atheistic, monotheism, pantheistic, theocracy, theology);后缀-ISM用于构成抽象名词,参见capitalism,polytheism意为“多神教;多神论,多神主义”(反义词为monotheism),如:Hinduism is a religion primarily in India which is based on polytheism.(印度教是印度的主要宗教,以多神论为基石。)
  
  popular中的POPUL源自拉丁语,意为people(people, populace, population, populist, populous, vox populi);后缀-AR可表示:1.…的,…性的,…似的(familiar, polar, similar),popular中的-AR即为此意;2.……的人/物(altar, scholar);3.相当于名词后缀-ER, -OR(beggar, liar);popular作adj.意为“人民的,民众的,大众的,民间的;通俗的,普通的,平易的;有人望的,得人心的,有名气的;受欢迎的;流行的;大众化的;(民间)流传的;便宜的,低廉的”,美国俚语中意为“自以为了不起的,骄傲的”;作n.意为“大众音乐会,流行音乐会”,即popular concert. 例如:Baggy jeans are now popular with teenagers.(如今,宽大的牛仔裤在十多岁的少年中很流行。)/ Contrary to popular belief, dogs are not colorblind.(与通常的看法相反的是,狗并非色盲。)/ Opposition leaders are calling for a popular uprising against the government.(反对党领袖们号召民众起义反对政府。)
 

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 portentous中的POR源自拉丁语,意为forth(porrect, portend, portent);TENT,也作TEND, TENS,源自拉丁语,意为to stretch, to go, to strive,参见hypertension;后缀-OUS参见analogous,portentous意为“预兆的;不吉的;可惊的,怪异的;奇特的;可怕的”,作戏谑语意为“(沉默等)严肃的”,作蔑称意为“自命不凡的;妄自尊大的”,例如:Recent developments are as portentous as the collapse of Berlin Wall.(最近的事态发展一如柏林墙倒塌般重大。)/ a portentous film(一部主题严肃的影片)
  
  portfolio中的PORT源自拉丁语,意为to carry, to bear(deport, deportation, deportee, export, exportation, exporter, import, important, importation, importer, portable, portage, purport, report, reporter, support, supporter, transport, transportation);FOLIO,也作FOLI,源自拉丁语,意为leaf(defoliant, defoliate, foliage, folio),portfolio意为“纸夹;文件夹;公文包;部长/大臣的职位;(艺术家等的)代表作选辑”,美语中常意为“有价证券一览表/明细表;(保险)业务量/业务责任”,例如:an investment portfolio(有价证券投资明细表)/ the foreign affairs portfolio(外交事务职权范围)
 

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postpone中的POST,源自拉丁语,常作前缀,意为after, later; behind, posterior to(postaxial, postdate, posthumous, postmodern, postmortem, postnasal, postpartum, postscript, posterior, postwar);PON,也作POS, POSIT,也源自拉丁语,意为to put, to place(apposition, appositive, component, compose, composite, depose, deposit, deposition, depository, dispose, disposition, exponent, expose, exposition, impose, imposition, interpose, opponent, oppose, opposite, opposition, pose, posit, position, posture, proponent, proposal, propose, repose, repository, superimpose, suppose, supposition, transpose, transposition),postpone作vt.意为“使延期,延缓;搁置(until, till, to, for);把…视为次要,把…放在次要地位(to)”,用于语法意为“把(某种词等)放在后面/句尾”;作vi.用于医学,意为“(疟疾等)延迟发作/复发。例如:The meeting’s been postponed until tomorrow.(会议已经延期到明天了。)
  
  precursor中的前缀PRE-表示“前,更早,先,预先”(prehistory, premedical, premolar, prepay, preschool, prevent);CURS,也作CUR, CURR, COURS(concurrence, concurrent, courier, course, current, cursor, cursory, discourse, discursive, excursion, incursion, incursive, occurrence, recourse, recurrence, recurrent),参见currency;后缀-OR参见doctrinaire, enamored;precursor意为“前辈,前驱,先锋;前任;预兆;先兆”等,如:The Office of Strategic Service was the precursor of the CIA.(战略服务办公室是中情局的前身。)
 

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predominance中的前缀PRE-参见上文;DOMIN源自拉丁语,意为to rule, master, tyranny,相关的词根DOM也源自拉丁语,意为house(Anno Domini, domain, domicile, dominant, dominate, domination, domineer, domineering, dominion, indomitable, predominant, predominate);名词后缀-ANCE参见ascendancy,predominance意为“优越,优势;卓越,出众;显著,突出”,如:the predominance of Latinos in the community(社区中拉丁美洲人的优势地位)/ America's predominance in the world of military(美国在军事领域的优势)
  
  prehensile中的PREHENS,也作PREHEND,源自拉丁语,意为to seize(apprehend, apprehensive, comprehend, comprehensive, reprehensible);-ILE可作adj.后缀(agile, futile, infantile),也可作n.后缀(missile, textile),prehensile中的-ILE为adj.后缀,参见automobile;prehensile意为“(动物的足、尾等)适合抓拿的,适于缠卷的,(有)捕握(力)的;善于领悟的,有洞察力的”,如:the monkey’s prehensile tail / the prehensile tail of a monkey(猴的卷尾)/ the prehensile writers(富有洞察力的作家们)
 

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 premonition中的前缀PRE-参见precursor;MONI,或作MONIT,用于元音字母之前也作MON,源自拉丁语,意为to warn, to scold(admonish, monitor, monitory);名词后缀-ITION表示“动作”,“状态”(definition, expedition, transition),premonition意为“预先的警告或告诫,预诫;预感,前兆,征兆”,如:She had a premonition that she would die in a plane crash.(她有预感会在空难中丧生。)
  
  pretext中的前缀PRE-参见precursor;TEXT源自拉丁语,意为to weave(context, subtext, textile, textual, texture),pretext作n.意为“借口,口实,托词;假象,掩饰(for)”,作vt.意为“借口,假托”,例如:Mr. Baines was glad to have a pretext for leaving the party early.(Baines先生很高兴能有一个早点离开聚会的借口。)/ They used “poor performance” as a pretext to fire him.(他们借口他“表现差劲”,把他解雇了。)/ The gang enters people’s houses under the pretext of making repairs, and then steals everything of value.(这帮贼以做维修为名进入他人家中,然后将所有值钱的东西都偷走。)
 

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 primeval中的PRIM源自拉丁语,意为first(primal, primary, primate, primer, primiparous, primitive, primogeniture, primordial);EV也源自拉丁语,意为age, lifetime(coeval, longevity, medieval);后缀-AL参见bilingual,primeval意为“早期的,原始(时代)的,太古的”,如:The sun and planets formed from a primeval cloud of gas about 5 billion years ago.(太阳和各大行星形成于50亿年前宇宙早期的气态云。)
  
  productive中的前缀PRO-可表示:1. a)代,副(pronoun, proconsul);b)亲,赞成,偏袒(pro-American, prorevolutionary);c)出,向前,在前(produce, propel, profane),productive中的PRO-即为此意;d)按,照(proportion);e)公开(proclaim);2.(位置、时间)前,先(prognathic/prognathous, prologue);DUCT,也作DUC,源自拉丁语,意为to lead,参见introduce;后缀-IVE参见impulsive,productive意为“生产的,生产性的;有生产能力的;多产的;产生/出产…的(of)”,如:Despite his health problems, Gilbert lives a productive life.(尽管Gilbert有健康方面的问题,可他过着富有成就的人生。)/ Fertilizers make the land more productive.(肥料使土地更加高产。)/ The meeting was productive of several good ideas.(会议上产生了好些不错的创意。)
 

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propeller中的前缀PRO-参见上文;PEL,也作PULS,源自拉丁语,意为to push, to drive,参见impulsive;后缀-ER另行注释;propeller,也作propellor,意为“推进者;(汽船、飞机的)螺旋桨,推进器;暗轮汽船”。
  
  后缀-ER的用法:1.加在名词、形容词、动词和动词词组构成的复合词之后构成名词。a)表示“…的人/动物/植物”(hunter, singer, woodpecker);b)表示“…东西/器具/机械”,“…的事情”(gasburner, eyeopener);c)表示“…的物质”,“…剂”(deodorizer);d)表示“…(地方)的人”,“…居民”(Londoner, westerner; cottager, villager);e)表示“参与…的人”,“造…的人”,“…商”,“…研究者”,“…学者”(farmer, gardener, hatter, geographer);f)在近代口语中:1)构成该动作的名词(backhander (= back-handed blow), diner (= dining car));2)构成来自数词的名词(fiver (= 5 pound/dollar note), tenner);3)使其他后缀的名词带有口语意味(Rugger (= Rugby football), Soccer (= association football));2.加在古法语名词或形容词的后面(carpenter, potter, sampler);3.加在形容词或副词之后构成比较级。a)使单音节形容词,或以-y, -ly, -le, -er, -ow结尾的双音节形容词,或其他少数形容词,尤其是重音位于最后一个音节的形容词,使之成为比较级(richer, lazier, likelier, tenderer, serener, narrower),但在古体诗或古体散文中,也有用其他形容词构成比较级的;b)使不是-ly结尾的(主要是与形容词同形的)副词构成比较级(harder, faster, sooner);4.构成有动作意义的名词(rejoinder, supper);5.表示动作发生多次或反复发生。a)原为动词(wander (< wend), waver (<wave));b)原为拟声词(chatter, twitter, flicker, glitter)。
 

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 property中的PROP,也作PROPRI,源自拉丁语,意为own(appropriate, expropriate, proprietary, proprietor, propriety);property与propriety都源自意为ownership的拉丁语词proprietas,英语词property意为“财产;资产;所有物;所有地,地产;所有,所有权;性质,特征,属性,特性;(逻辑学的)非本质特性”,复数形式properties用于戏剧指“道具”,在英国指“服装”。例如:What’s the full market value of the property?(这些资产的市场价值是什么?)/ Police recovered some of the stolen property.(警方找回了一些被盗走的财物。)/ All sound has three properties: pitch, volume, and duration.(所有声音都具有三大特征:音高、音量与持续时间。)
 

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prototype中的PROTO,也作PROT,源自希腊语,意为first in time, first formed(protagonist, protocol, protohistory, proton, protoplanet, protoplasm, protozoa);TYPE独立成词亦可作后缀,意即type(ferrotype, phenotype),prototype意为“原型;典型;样板;模范,标准;试制型式;样机;样品”,例如:a working prototype of the new model(新模型的活动样品)/ The system of checks and balances is now cited as the prototype of limiting power in democracies.(如今,三权分立制度被引为民主国家限制权力的典范形式。)
  
  psychiatry中的PSYCH源自希腊语,意为breath, life, soul, spirit, mind(psyche, psychedelic, psychiatric, psychiatrist, psychic, psychoanalysis, psychoanalyst, psychoanalyze, psychologist, psychology, psychopath, psychopathic, psychosis, psychosomatic, psychotherapist, psychotherapy, psychotic);后缀-IATRY用于构成名词,表示医治法(podiatry),psychiatry意为“精神病学;精神病治疗法”。
 

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punctilious中的PUNCT,也作PUNC, PUNG,源自拉丁语,意为to prick or stab; point(compunction, expunge, punctual, punctuation, puncture, pungent);punctilious派生自名词punctilio,punctilio来自已不使用的意大利语词punctiglio,英语词punctilio (pl. punctilios)意为“(仪式等的)细节;死板,拘板,拘泥形式”,则punctilious意为“礼仪烦琐的;死板的,拘泥形式的”,如:a punctilious host(细致得面面俱到的主人)
  
  purgative中的PURG源自拉丁语,意为to clean or cleanse(expurgate, purgatory, purge, unexpurgated);后缀-ATIVE表示关系、倾向、性质等(demonstrative, informative, talkative),purgative作adj.意为“洗清的,净化的;便通的”,古意为“证明无罪的”,作n.意为“泻药”,例如:Many a lazy afternoon in the orchard has led to the discovery of the purgative effect of too many apples.(在果园里消磨了许多懒散的下午,得到了一个发现,就是吃了太多苹果之后,这些苹果就发挥了泻药的功效。)
 

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Q
  
  quadrennial中的QUADR,也作QUADRI, QUART,源自拉丁语,意为four; fourth(quart, quarter, quadrangle, quadrille, quadriplegic, quadruplet),QUADRI/QUADR也可表示数学中的“平方,二次”(quadratic, quadric);ENN,也作ANN,意为year,参见anniversary, centenarian;后缀-IAL用于构成adj.,表示“具有…性质的”;“属于…的”(axial, ceremonial),quadrennial作adj.意为“连续四年的;每四年一次”,作n.意为“每四年一次的事件;连续四年的时间;第四周年;四周年纪念”。
  
  quartile中的QUART参见上文;后缀-ILE参见automobile,quartile意为“(统计学的)四分数位(的);四分数位一组(的)”,如:The schools in our town always average in the lowest quartile in both reading and math achievement.(我们镇里的学校常常在阅读和数学成绩最差的四分之一学生中采取措施,使他们在这两方能赶上成绩好一点的学生。)
 

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quintessential中的QUINT,有时也作QUIN,源自拉丁语,意为five(quincentennial, quintessential, quintet, quintile, quintuplet);ESS也源自拉丁语,意为be(essence, essential);后缀-ENT参见accident;后缀-IAL参见quadrennial,quintessential意为“精华的,精髓的;典型的,典范的,最完美的”,如:New York is a quintessential big city.(纽约是座典型的大城市。)
 

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R
  recompense中的前缀RE-可表示:1.相互,报复(react, revenge),recompense中的RE-即为此意;2.反对(resist, revolt);3.后,在后(relie, remain);4.隐退,秘密(recluse, reticent);5.离,去,下(remiss, reside, retail);6.反复,加强语气(redouble, refine, research, resolve);7.否定(resign, reveal);8.又,再,重新,重行(readjust, rebuild, reissue, recapture, reentrance);前缀COM-参见collapse;PENS,也作PEND,源自拉丁语,意为to hang, to pay, to weigh(append, appendage, appendectomy, appendix, compensation, depend, dependence, dependent, expend, expense, expensive, impending, independence, independent, pendant, pending, pendulous, pendulum, pension, pensive, perpendicular, propensity, suspend, suspenders, suspense, suspension),recompense作n.意为“报应;报酬;回报;回礼;偿还;赔偿”,作vt.意为“酬答,回报;偿还,赔偿”,如:The reason for the lawsuit is to recompense the victims for their injuries.(诉讼的理由是要补偿受害人遭受的伤害。)/ The guidelines say what is fair recompense for church musicians.(这些准则说明了如何合理报偿教会乐师。)
 

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rectangle中的RECT,也作REG,有时也作REGI,源自拉丁语,意为straight, right; to rule; king(correct, correction, direct, direction, director, erect, rectify, rectilinear, rectitude, rector, regal, regalia, regency, regent, regicide, regime, regiment, region, regional, regular, regularity, regulate, regulation);ANGLE即可作为构词成分,亦可独立成词(angle, triangle),rectangle意为“矩形,长方形”。
  
  refugee中的前缀RE-意为“离,去”,参见recompense;FUG源自拉丁语,意为to flee(centrifugal, fugitive, fugue, refuge, subterfuge);后缀-EE表示“动作者”,参见nominee,refugee作n.意为“(特指逃避战祸或政治、宗教迫害的)难民,避难者,亡命者;逃亡者”,作adj.意为“避难的,逃难的”,作vi.意为“逃难,避难”,例如:Refugees were streaming across the border.(难民不断涌过边境。)/ a refugee camp(难民营)
 

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renaissance中的RE-意为“再,重新”,参见recompense;NAISS,即NASC,也作NAT, NAI,源自拉丁语,意为to be born, birth, race, nation(cognate, innate, nascent, na&iuml;ve, natal, nation, national, native, nativity, natural, nature, postnatal, prenatal, renaissance, unnatural);后缀-ANCE参见ascendancy,renaissance作n.意为“复兴;新生;复活”,the Renaissance特指“(14-16世纪欧洲的)文艺复兴(时期);文艺复兴时期(的美术、建筑)式样”;Renaissance作adj.意为“文艺复兴(时代)的,文艺复兴式的”,如:American classical music is enjoying a renaissance.(美国的传统音乐正在复兴未艾。)
  
  renegade中的RE-用于加强语气,参见recompense;NEG意为to say no(abnegation, negate, negative, negligible, renege);由后缀-ADE构成的词可表示:1.动作(blockade),renegade中的-ADE即为此意;2.行动中的集团(cavalcade);3.动作的结果或成品(masquerade, pomade);4.某些饮料(lemonade);renegade作n.意为“叛教者,改信伊斯兰教的基督徒;变节者,叛徒,脱党者”;作adj.意为“叛教的,变节的”;作vi.意为“背叛,变节;脱党;背教”,如:As a renegade from liberalism, the neoconservative mocked all his former beliefs.(作为自由主义阵营的背叛者,新保守主义者将其先前的信仰统统掩盖了。)
 

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replenish中的前缀RE-意为again,参见recompense;PLEN,也作PLET, PLE, PLI, PLY,源自拉丁语,意为to fill; full(complement, complementary, complete, compliance, comply, deplete, depletion, expletive, plenary, plenitude, plenteous, plentiful, plenty, replete, supplement, supply);后缀-ISH用于构成形容词时表示:1.“…的”,“…民族的”,“…语的”(English, heathenish, Swedish);2.“…似的”,“…气的”,“患…的”(fiendish, foolish, selfish, feverish);3.“…一样的”(childish, girlish, monkish);4.“微…的”(coldish, greenish);-ISH也可用于构成动词(abolish, finish, punish),replenish中的-ISH即为此用法;replenish意为“再斟满,再装满(with);装足,装满,补充(钱袋等);加强”,如:As more workers retire, new employees are needed to replenish the workforce.(随着更多的劳工退休,必须有新雇员加入生产大军。)
  
  reprobate中的前缀RE-意为back, backward,参见recompense;PROB也作PROV,源自拉丁语,意为to prove; proof, honesty, integrity(approbation, disprove, probate, probity, prove);后缀-ATE参见abbreviate,reprobate作vt.意为“拒绝,排斥;谴责”,用于宗教指“(上帝)摒弃;(天)罚”;作adj.意为“为上帝摒弃的;邪恶的,堕落的”;作n.意为“为上帝摒弃的人;堕落的人;恶棍”,如:reprobate behavior(堕落的行为)/ a nasty old reprobate(下流的老恶棍)
 

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