回复: stomach flu
我读过一篇文章讲疫苗与自闭症的关联性，不过未经证实。
两害相权取其轻，可能的话，就不想依赖疫苗。
你儿子这么大的小孩，最容易得肠胃型感冒，因为没有抵抗力。三五年后，就好了。一是免疫建立了，二是不到处爬了。
出去玩儿带上sanitizer, 随时消毒手。
还有说孕妇用flu shot的，孩子这些年出生时有脑部发育问题的比例上升了几百倍。但都无法证实。
我一直没有给他用sanitizer，一是对皮肤不好，我自己的皮用了都疼，因为干。二是下面原因。When it comes to safety and effectiveness, the main concern with hand sanitizers is triclosan, which is the main antibacterial ingredient in nonalcoholic hand sanitizers.
"There's no good evidence that triclosan-containing products have a benefit," says Allison Aiello, associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan. In Europe and the United States, hospitals won't even use them, she notes; it's thought that they don't reduce infections or illness.
Dr. Anna Bowen, a medical epidemiologist at The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says, "Triclosan-containing products don't provide any disease protection beyond what you get from washing with soap and water."
Research has shown that triclosan can disrupt the endocrine system, amplifying testosterone. In animal studies, it reduced muscle strength. It may also harm the immune system. Whether these findings add up to human toxicity isn't established yet, but the FDA is currently reviewing the issue.
A more established concern: "When you expose bacteria to triclosan, it can elicit antibiotic resistance," says Aiello. "Once the resistance is transferred, [pathogenic] bacteria can become resistant to many types of antibiotics." (Quaternary ammonium, another antibacterial found in nonalcoholic hand sanitizers, has also been shown to elicit antibiotic resistance, she says.)
The main concern with triclosan, however, is that
it doesn't protect against viruses or fungi.
"Colds are caused by viruses, not bacteria," Aiello points out.
Alcohol-based sanitizers, on the other hand, are fairly effective and safe. "Hand sanitizers that are 60% alcohol are good at killing bacterial pathogens," says Bowen.
They can also kill some viruses, but not all of them -- such as the noroviruses that can cause cruise-ship outbreaks.
"They're not a panacea, but if you can't wash your hands, a squirt of an alcohol-based hand gel is a good idea," she says.
Adds Aiello, "If you can't get to a sink quickly, an alcohol-based sanitizer is a good alternative [to washing with soap and water]."
One caveat:
They don't work on visibly dirty hands -- the alcohol can't get past the dirt.
And that brings us back to soap and water -- which is both safe and effective. Try to suds up after you use the toilet and before you prepare food; studies show that doing so can drastically reduce the risk of diarrhea.
"Hand-washing campaigns reduce absenteeism in schools," says Bowen, "and that means parents miss fewer days of work, too."
To see these effects, though, you have to wash your hands correctly.
"You need to wash for about 24 seconds to remove the bacteria and viruses from your hands," says Aiello. "Most people don't wash their hands properly. You need to cover all parts of your hands, including under your nails -- and then dry your hands well."
How long is 24 seconds? About as long as it takes to sing the "Happy Birthday" song two times through. So feel free to do that as you suds up.
