摘要：
美国国立卫生研究院院长柯林斯：新冠肺炎病毒源于自然
当地时间3月26日，美国国立卫生研究院院长弗朗西斯·柯林斯（Francis Collins）发表名为《基因研究显示 新冠肺炎病毒起源于自然》博客文章，援引并力挺了美国国立卫生研究院支持的国际研究小组在对比几种冠状病毒（包括引起COVID-19的新型冠状病毒）的公开基因组数据后得出的结论：该病毒是自然产生的。
文章开篇写到：“如今你无论在哪打开互联网，都必然会看到谈及2019年末开始流行的新冠肺炎病毒的文章。而关于该病毒的谣言和揣测似乎比该病毒本身还要传播得快、传播得广。许多不怀好意的人曾经提出过令人愤慨的说法，即引起大流行的新冠病毒是由实验室设计完成的，而后故意被释放出来，使世界各地的人民染病。幸运的是，一项最新的关于新冠病毒的研究证明了该病毒是自然产生的，从而以科学的证据打破了这种说法。”
柯林斯在博客中重点指出了加州拉霍亚斯克里普斯研究所的克里斯蒂安·安德森、新奥尔良杜兰大学医学院罗伯特·加里，及他们的同事等人的一个发现：
“ SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白与人体细胞ACE2受体的结合水平要远远强于目前所有计算机预测的模型，这一结果的原因可能是因为病毒在ACE2的定向选择之下不断进化，直到具有了超强的结合能力。”“也就是说SARS-CoV-2大概率只能靠自己的努力来进化出感染人类的能力，人类现有的水平造不出那么异于模型的刺突蛋白。”
而对于新冠肺炎病毒的来源，柯林斯提出了两种构想：
第一种构想是，随着新的冠状病毒在其天然宿主（可能是蝙蝠或穿山甲）中不断进化，其刺突蛋白也随之发生突变，以此来结合与人体中与ACE2蛋白结构相似的分子并感染人体细胞。
第二种情况是，这种新型冠状病毒在获得能够引发人类疾病的能力之前，就已经从动物进入到人类。经过数年甚至数十年的逐步进化之后，它们最终获得了在人与人之间传播的能力，并可以导致严重疾病。
与此同时，身为资深遗传学家的柯林斯也强调：任何试图打造冠状病毒武器的生物工程师都不可能设计出刺突蛋白的构象像SARS-CoV-2这样（奇特）的病毒。同时，他表示，该研究的发现得以让世界人民共同专注于眼下最重要的事情：保持良好的卫生习惯、遵守一定的社交距离、不信谣、不传谣、尊重医护人员和医学研究员的抗疫决心和他们在此过程中的不懈努力。
在文章的最后，他提出：“下次当您在网络上因为有关新冠肺炎病毒的信息而感到困惑和迷茫时，我建议您访问FEMA的“抵制新冠谣言”的官方网站。也许它不能完全解决您所有的问题，但这绝对是朝着正确方向迈进的第一步，也是至关重要的一步。它能够用专业的信息将谣言和事实区分开来，以此集结世界的力量来一同应对此次全球公共卫生突发事件”。
弗朗西斯·柯林斯就职美国国立卫生研究院院长已经10年，在成为院长前，他就已经领导并顺利完成了庞大的人类基因组计划，被称为“史上最有影响力NIH院长之一”。而此次发表这篇博客亲自上场肃清谣言，也得到了诸多的认可。
https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/coronavirus/
Genomic Study Points to Natural Origin of COVID-19
Posted on March 26th, 2020 by Dr. Francis Collins

No matter where you go online these days, there’s bound to be discussion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some folks are even making outrageous claims that the new coronavirus causing the pandemic was engineered in a lab and deliberately released to make people sick. A new study debunks such claims by providing scientific evidence that this novel coronavirus arose naturally.
The reassuring findings are the result of genomic analyses conducted by an international research team, partly supported by NIH. In their study in the journal Nature Medicine, Kristian Andersen, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Robert Garry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans; and their colleagues used sophisticated bioinformatic tools to compare publicly available genomic data from several coronaviruses, including the new one that causes COVID-19.
The researchers began by homing in on the parts of the coronavirus genomes that encode the spike proteins that give this family of viruses their distinctive crown-like appearance. (By the way, “corona” is Latin for “crown.”) All coronaviruses rely on spike proteins to infect other cells. But, over time, each coronavirus has fashioned these proteins a little differently, and the evolutionary clues about these modifications are spelled out in their genomes.
The genomic data of the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 show that its spike protein contains some unique adaptations. One of these adaptations provides special ability of this coronavirus to bind to a specific protein on human cells called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). A related coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans also seeks out ACE2.
Existing computer models predicted that the new coronavirus would not bind to ACE2 as well as the SARS virus. However, to their surprise, the researchers found that the spike protein of the new coronavirus actually bound far better than computer predictions, likely because of natural selection on ACE2 that enabled the virus to take advantage of a previously unidentified alternate binding site. Researchers said this provides strong evidence that that new virus was not the product of purposeful manipulation in a lab. In fact, any bioengineer trying to design a coronavirus that threatened human health probably would never have chosen this particular conformation for a spike protein.
The researchers went on to analyze genomic data related to the overall molecular structure, or backbone, of the new coronavirus. Their analysis showed that the backbone of the new coronavirus’s genome most closely resembles that of a bat coronavirus discovered after the COVID-19 pandemic began. However, the region that binds ACE2 resembles a novel virus found in pangolins, a strange-looking animal sometimes called a scaly anteater. This provides additional evidence that the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 almost certainly originated in nature. If the new coronavirus had been manufactured in a lab, scientists most likely would have used the backbones of coronaviruses already known to cause serious diseases in humans.
So, what is the natural origin of the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic? The researchers don’t yet have a precise answer. But they do offer two possible scenarios.
In the first scenario, as the new coronavirus evolved in its natural hosts, possibly bats or pangolins, its spike proteins mutated to bind to molecules similar in structure to the human ACE2 protein, thereby enabling it to infect human cells. This scenario seems to fit other recent outbreaks of coronavirus-caused disease in humans, such as SARS, which arose from cat-like civets; and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which arose from camels.
The second scenario is that the new coronavirus crossed from animals into humans before it became capable of causing human disease. Then, as a result of gradual evolutionary changes over years or perhaps decades, the virus eventually gained the ability to spread from human-to-human and cause serious, often life-threatening disease.
Either way, this study leaves little room to refute a natural origin for COVID-19. And that’s a good thing because it helps us keep focused on what really matters: observing good hygiene, practicing social distancing, and supporting the efforts of all the dedicated health-care professionals and researchers who are working so hard to address this major public health challenge.
Finally, next time you come across something about COVID-19 online that disturbs or puzzles you, I suggest going to FEMA’s new Coronavirus Rumor Control web site. It may not have all the answers to your questions, but it’s definitely a step in the right direction in helping to distinguish rumors from facts.
Reference:
[1] The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 . Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. Nat Med, 17 March 2020. [Epub ahead of publication]
Links:
Coronavirus (COVID-19) (NIH)
COVID-19, MERS & SARS (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH)
Andersen Lab (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA)
Robert Garry (Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans)
Coronavirus Rumor Control (FEMA)
NIH Support: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Human Genome Research Institute
31 Comments
Share this:
Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)More
Posted In: News
Tags: ACE2, bats, bioengineering, camels, civets, coronavirus, Coronavirus Rumor Control, COVID-19, evolutionary biology, FEMA, genomics, man-made, MERS, natural, natural origin, new coronavirus, pandemic, pangolin, SARS, SARS-CoV-2, social distancing, spike protein, viral pandemics, virology
To Beat COVID-19, Social Distancing is a Must
美国国立卫生研究院院长柯林斯：新冠肺炎病毒源于自然
当地时间3月26日，美国国立卫生研究院院长弗朗西斯·柯林斯（Francis Collins）发表名为《基因研究显示 新冠肺炎病毒起源于自然》博客文章，援引并力挺了美国国立卫生研究院支持的国际研究小组在对比几种冠状病毒（包括引起COVID-19的新型冠状病毒）的公开基因组数据后得出的结论：该病毒是自然产生的。
文章开篇写到：“如今你无论在哪打开互联网，都必然会看到谈及2019年末开始流行的新冠肺炎病毒的文章。而关于该病毒的谣言和揣测似乎比该病毒本身还要传播得快、传播得广。许多不怀好意的人曾经提出过令人愤慨的说法，即引起大流行的新冠病毒是由实验室设计完成的，而后故意被释放出来，使世界各地的人民染病。幸运的是，一项最新的关于新冠病毒的研究证明了该病毒是自然产生的，从而以科学的证据打破了这种说法。”
柯林斯在博客中重点指出了加州拉霍亚斯克里普斯研究所的克里斯蒂安·安德森、新奥尔良杜兰大学医学院罗伯特·加里，及他们的同事等人的一个发现：
“ SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白与人体细胞ACE2受体的结合水平要远远强于目前所有计算机预测的模型，这一结果的原因可能是因为病毒在ACE2的定向选择之下不断进化，直到具有了超强的结合能力。”“也就是说SARS-CoV-2大概率只能靠自己的努力来进化出感染人类的能力，人类现有的水平造不出那么异于模型的刺突蛋白。”
而对于新冠肺炎病毒的来源，柯林斯提出了两种构想：
第一种构想是，随着新的冠状病毒在其天然宿主（可能是蝙蝠或穿山甲）中不断进化，其刺突蛋白也随之发生突变，以此来结合与人体中与ACE2蛋白结构相似的分子并感染人体细胞。
第二种情况是，这种新型冠状病毒在获得能够引发人类疾病的能力之前，就已经从动物进入到人类。经过数年甚至数十年的逐步进化之后，它们最终获得了在人与人之间传播的能力，并可以导致严重疾病。
与此同时，身为资深遗传学家的柯林斯也强调：任何试图打造冠状病毒武器的生物工程师都不可能设计出刺突蛋白的构象像SARS-CoV-2这样（奇特）的病毒。同时，他表示，该研究的发现得以让世界人民共同专注于眼下最重要的事情：保持良好的卫生习惯、遵守一定的社交距离、不信谣、不传谣、尊重医护人员和医学研究员的抗疫决心和他们在此过程中的不懈努力。
在文章的最后，他提出：“下次当您在网络上因为有关新冠肺炎病毒的信息而感到困惑和迷茫时，我建议您访问FEMA的“抵制新冠谣言”的官方网站。也许它不能完全解决您所有的问题，但这绝对是朝着正确方向迈进的第一步，也是至关重要的一步。它能够用专业的信息将谣言和事实区分开来，以此集结世界的力量来一同应对此次全球公共卫生突发事件”。
弗朗西斯·柯林斯就职美国国立卫生研究院院长已经10年，在成为院长前，他就已经领导并顺利完成了庞大的人类基因组计划，被称为“史上最有影响力NIH院长之一”。而此次发表这篇博客亲自上场肃清谣言，也得到了诸多的认可。
https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/coronavirus/
Genomic Study Points to Natural Origin of COVID-19
Posted on March 26th, 2020 by Dr. Francis Collins

No matter where you go online these days, there’s bound to be discussion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some folks are even making outrageous claims that the new coronavirus causing the pandemic was engineered in a lab and deliberately released to make people sick. A new study debunks such claims by providing scientific evidence that this novel coronavirus arose naturally.
The reassuring findings are the result of genomic analyses conducted by an international research team, partly supported by NIH. In their study in the journal Nature Medicine, Kristian Andersen, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Robert Garry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans; and their colleagues used sophisticated bioinformatic tools to compare publicly available genomic data from several coronaviruses, including the new one that causes COVID-19.
The researchers began by homing in on the parts of the coronavirus genomes that encode the spike proteins that give this family of viruses their distinctive crown-like appearance. (By the way, “corona” is Latin for “crown.”) All coronaviruses rely on spike proteins to infect other cells. But, over time, each coronavirus has fashioned these proteins a little differently, and the evolutionary clues about these modifications are spelled out in their genomes.
The genomic data of the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 show that its spike protein contains some unique adaptations. One of these adaptations provides special ability of this coronavirus to bind to a specific protein on human cells called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). A related coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans also seeks out ACE2.
Existing computer models predicted that the new coronavirus would not bind to ACE2 as well as the SARS virus. However, to their surprise, the researchers found that the spike protein of the new coronavirus actually bound far better than computer predictions, likely because of natural selection on ACE2 that enabled the virus to take advantage of a previously unidentified alternate binding site. Researchers said this provides strong evidence that that new virus was not the product of purposeful manipulation in a lab. In fact, any bioengineer trying to design a coronavirus that threatened human health probably would never have chosen this particular conformation for a spike protein.
The researchers went on to analyze genomic data related to the overall molecular structure, or backbone, of the new coronavirus. Their analysis showed that the backbone of the new coronavirus’s genome most closely resembles that of a bat coronavirus discovered after the COVID-19 pandemic began. However, the region that binds ACE2 resembles a novel virus found in pangolins, a strange-looking animal sometimes called a scaly anteater. This provides additional evidence that the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 almost certainly originated in nature. If the new coronavirus had been manufactured in a lab, scientists most likely would have used the backbones of coronaviruses already known to cause serious diseases in humans.
So, what is the natural origin of the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic? The researchers don’t yet have a precise answer. But they do offer two possible scenarios.
In the first scenario, as the new coronavirus evolved in its natural hosts, possibly bats or pangolins, its spike proteins mutated to bind to molecules similar in structure to the human ACE2 protein, thereby enabling it to infect human cells. This scenario seems to fit other recent outbreaks of coronavirus-caused disease in humans, such as SARS, which arose from cat-like civets; and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which arose from camels.
The second scenario is that the new coronavirus crossed from animals into humans before it became capable of causing human disease. Then, as a result of gradual evolutionary changes over years or perhaps decades, the virus eventually gained the ability to spread from human-to-human and cause serious, often life-threatening disease.
Either way, this study leaves little room to refute a natural origin for COVID-19. And that’s a good thing because it helps us keep focused on what really matters: observing good hygiene, practicing social distancing, and supporting the efforts of all the dedicated health-care professionals and researchers who are working so hard to address this major public health challenge.
Finally, next time you come across something about COVID-19 online that disturbs or puzzles you, I suggest going to FEMA’s new Coronavirus Rumor Control web site. It may not have all the answers to your questions, but it’s definitely a step in the right direction in helping to distinguish rumors from facts.
Reference:
[1] The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 . Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. Nat Med, 17 March 2020. [Epub ahead of publication]
Links:
Coronavirus (COVID-19) (NIH)
COVID-19, MERS & SARS (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH)
Andersen Lab (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA)
Robert Garry (Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans)
Coronavirus Rumor Control (FEMA)
NIH Support: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Human Genome Research Institute
31 Comments
Share this:
Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)More
Posted In: News
Tags: ACE2, bats, bioengineering, camels, civets, coronavirus, Coronavirus Rumor Control, COVID-19, evolutionary biology, FEMA, genomics, man-made, MERS, natural, natural origin, new coronavirus, pandemic, pangolin, SARS, SARS-CoV-2, social distancing, spike protein, viral pandemics, virology
To Beat COVID-19, Social Distancing is a Must
