【双语时事】2016年十大圣经考古发现
Biblical Archaeology's Top 10 Discoveries of 2016
2016年十大圣经考古发现
A glimpse at the important excavation work revealed this year.
今年重要的挖掘工作一瞥
Archaeological discoveries announced in 2016 help us better understand the Bible and the biblical world, and affirm the Bible's details about events and people.
2016年的考古学发现，可以帮助我们更好的理解圣经和基于圣经观点的世界，并且确定圣经中发生的大事以及人群的细节。
Below are the top findings from the important excavations taking place in the lands of the Bible or that have a biblical connection. (This list is subjective, and based on news reports rather than peer-reviewed articles in scientific publications.)
下面的这些重要发现，都是在圣经提及之地或是与圣经相关的地方挖掘的。
10. Ancient papyrus mentions Jerusalem
古纸莎草提及耶路撒冷
What appears to be the oldest non-biblical Hebrew-language reference to Jerusalem was found on a small piece of papyrus recovered from antiquities robbers who said they had found it in a cave in the Judean desert. The inscription reads, “From the king's maid servant, from Na'arat, jars of wine, to Jerusalem.” Dated to the seventh century B.C., the inscription was found four years ago but announced this past October. Only one other papyrus document from Israel's First Temple Period has ever been found.
这小片的纸莎草是盗墓者在犹大沙漠的一个洞穴里发现的，上面用了并不是最古老的圣经所用的语言—希伯来语提及到耶路撒冷。题词上写到：“王的使女，Na'arat，酒坛，呈至耶路撒冷。”记载的是公元前7世纪的事情，虽然此题词在4年前就已发现，但在今年10月份才公布出来。除此之外，只有一个记录以色第一个圣殿时期的纸莎草文档被发现。
9. Ancient glass factory
古玻璃工厂
Judea was known as one of the centers of glass manufacturing in the Roman world. Archaeologists excavated there mains of a glass production facility at the foot of Mt.Carmel, near Haifa, when it was discovered by workers of the Jezreel Valley Railroad Project.
在罗马帝国时期，犹大是有名的玻璃制造中心。在耶斯列谷铁路项目的工人们在海法附件的卡梅尔山脚下发现玻璃制造设施后，考古学者继续挖掘出来了其他的部分。
8. Sunken junk from Caesarea Maritima
该撒利亚国际船运的沉没垃圾
Old metal objects were typically melted and recycled, so a ship that sank on the way to the recycler offered a treasure trove of ancient metal objects when its cargo was discovered by scuba divers last summer. Protected by the sand on the sea bottom for 1,600 years, the mostly bronze objects include idols, lamps, and several clumps of coins.
旧金属物总是可以融化和再生，所以一艘运输货物至回收站的船只沉没，为我们提供了研究古代金属物体的宝贵材料。这艘船只在夏天被潜水员们发现。大部分的铜制品都是偶像，灯台和硬币，由于在海底被沙子掩盖，故保存了1600年。
7. Solomon's Palace at Gezer
位于基色的所罗门宫殿
A monumental residence built in the 10th century B.C. and excavated this past fall has been dubbed “Solomon’s Palace,” even though there’s no direct connection to the Israelite king outside of the dating, which was done through pottery remains and stratigraphic chronology. According to 1 Kings 9:16–17, the Egyptian pharaoh conquered and burned Gezer,and presented it as a dowry for his daughter’s marriage to Solomon, who then rebuilt the city.
这个秋天挖掘出来的巨型住宅是建于公元前十世纪，虽然根据残存的瓦片和地质分析，并没有直接的证据证明这是以色列王的居所，但还是将之成为“所罗门的宫殿”。《圣经》中的《列王纪上》9章16和17节提及埃及法老王攻陷并烧毁了基色，后来把此城当作女儿的嫁妆送给所罗门，所罗门又重建了此城。
6. Hundreds of Roman writing tablets
数百的罗马写字板
From the other end of the Roman Empire comes evidence for the ubiquity of writing in the first century. (Zechariah,the father of John the Baptist, used a writing tablet in Luke 1:63.) More than 400 ancient wooden tablets were excavated in London, the oldest dating to A.D. 57. The tablets were originally covered with wax and written on with a stylus. The wax is gone, but the impressions of many notes in Latin remain. They are being translated and studied.
在罗马帝国的另一端发现了可以展示第一世纪文字书写普遍性的证据。（圣经中的路加福音1章63节提到施洗约翰的父亲，撒迦利亚，用了一块写字的板）。在伦敦挖掘出来了四百多块古代木制的写字板，最老的可以追溯至公元后57年。这些写字板最开始都是用蜡覆盖着，用触控笔在上面写字。虽然蜡都脱落了，但是很多拉丁文写的笔记都还在。上面的文字在翻译和研究中。
5. Temple Mount floor designs identified
鉴定圣殿山地板的设计
The geometric patterns of the stone tile floors of the porticos of the Jewish Temple built by King Herod have been identified from tile fragments recovered by the Temple Mount Sifting Project. Volunteers have been steadily processing tons of dirt illegally excavated from Jerusalem’s Temple Mount in 1999. Seven different tile designs have been recreated so far by Frankie Snyder, a project team member with an academic background in mathematics and Judaic studies.
圣殿山筛选项目通过分析鉴定瓷砖瓦片推出了石材瓷砖地板的几何图案，这个地板是希律王建造的犹太人宫殿的门廊地板。志愿者们一直持续的加工数吨在1999年从耶路撒冷圣殿山非法挖掘出来的泥土。迄今为止，弗兰基·施耐德，项目组的一个拥有数学和犹太研究背景的成员，通过重新拼凑发现了7种地板图形。
4. Philistine cemetery excavation
非利士人古墓的出土
Some of the secrets of the Philistines, the nemesis of the ancient Israelites, are expected to be revealed as archaeologists study remains excavated from a cemetery at Ashkelon. The excavations took place over the last three summers, but were revealed only in 2016. Although most of the main cities of the Philistines have been excavated,there is still a lot of important information that has eluded scholars. But that may change with the new information gleaned from these burials. “It was just a gold mine of a cemetery,” said Daniel Master, a Wheaton College professor who co-directs the excavation.
很多非利士人的秘密随着考古学家在亚实基伦的古墓挖掘和研究的进行，将越来越多的被揭晓。非利士人是以色列人的宿敌。挖掘活动持续了三个夏天，只有2016年才被报道。虽然非利士主要城市的大部分都被挖掘，但学者们依然所知甚少。这些从埋葬物中收集到的信息仍可以带来很大的推动。丹尼尔马斯特，美国惠顿学院的教授，也是挖掘活动的带领人之一，说：“这个只是古墓中的金矿。”
3. Stone jar factory found near Cana
迦拿附近的石罐厂
Half way between Cana and Nazareth, a cave was discovered where limestone had been mined and carved into cups, bowls, and jars, which were highly valued for their ritual purity during the first century. The cave’s proximity to Cana suggests it may have been the source of the water jars that were used for the wedding in Cana attended by Jesus and his disciples in John 2:1–11.
在拿撒勒和迦拿中间的一个洞穴里发现了大量的石灰石被开采，有些已经雕琢成杯子，碗，罐子，这些器具由于其纯度极高，在第一世纪都是非常的有价值。这些位于迦拿附近的洞穴很可能就是圣经中耶稣和他的门徒们在参加婚宴时用到的水罐（约翰福音2：1-11）.
2. Lachish gate shrine illustrates Hezekiah's reforms
拉吉门神像呈现希西家的改革
In the ruins of a shrine excavated next to the gate of Lachish,the largest city of the kingdom of Judah after Jerusalem,archaeologists found an altar with the horns cut off from each corner. They also found a stone toilet that was never used, which had been placed in the holy of holies, apparently to desecrate it. They attributed both discoveries to the religious reforms under King Hezekiah, described in 2 Kings 18:4.
拉吉，是犹大国仅次于耶路撒冷的第二大城市，在拉吉门旁边挖掘出的毁坏的神像堆中，考古学家发现了一个每个角都被毁掉的祭坛。他们还发现了一个石制的厕所，厕所在至圣所旁边但却从未没有用过，显然只是用来装饰。这两大发现都呈现了圣经中列王纪下18章4节所记述的希西家的改革。
1.Unsealing the tomb of Christ
耶稣坟墓的开封
The most notable aspect of repairs that took place at the traditional tomb of Christ in October—the first look inside the tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre since at least the year 1555—is that the work men found just what they expected. The badly-in-need-of-repair marble edicule that surrounded the tomb was stripped down to the limestone platform where the body of Jesus was believed to have been laid after his crucifixion. “It appears to be visible proof that the location of the tomb has not shifted through time, something that scientists and historians have wondered for decades," said Fredrik Hiebert, National Geographic’s archaeologist-in-residence. The original limestone cave walls of the tomb were also preserved to a higher level than expected inside the edicule.
在十月份第一次看到了位于圣墓教堂的基督传统坟墓的内部，这是发生在此地至少是1555年以来最重要的修复工作。工人们看到了自己所期待的一幕。坟墓内部最需要修复的是脱落下来的石灰石平台，它被认为是曾经安放钉十字架后耶稣身体的地方。“这说明了坟墓的地址并没有随着时代而变更，而这个是数十年来科学家和史学家们一直想要知道的，”国家地理学会驻地考古学家Fredrik Hiebert如此说。在“小房子”内部坟墓的石灰岩墙壁保存的相当完整。
Biblical Archaeology's Top 10 Discoveries of 2016
2016年十大圣经考古发现
A glimpse at the important excavation work revealed this year.
今年重要的挖掘工作一瞥
Archaeological discoveries announced in 2016 help us better understand the Bible and the biblical world, and affirm the Bible's details about events and people.
2016年的考古学发现，可以帮助我们更好的理解圣经和基于圣经观点的世界，并且确定圣经中发生的大事以及人群的细节。
Below are the top findings from the important excavations taking place in the lands of the Bible or that have a biblical connection. (This list is subjective, and based on news reports rather than peer-reviewed articles in scientific publications.)
下面的这些重要发现，都是在圣经提及之地或是与圣经相关的地方挖掘的。
10. Ancient papyrus mentions Jerusalem
古纸莎草提及耶路撒冷
What appears to be the oldest non-biblical Hebrew-language reference to Jerusalem was found on a small piece of papyrus recovered from antiquities robbers who said they had found it in a cave in the Judean desert. The inscription reads, “From the king's maid servant, from Na'arat, jars of wine, to Jerusalem.” Dated to the seventh century B.C., the inscription was found four years ago but announced this past October. Only one other papyrus document from Israel's First Temple Period has ever been found.
这小片的纸莎草是盗墓者在犹大沙漠的一个洞穴里发现的，上面用了并不是最古老的圣经所用的语言—希伯来语提及到耶路撒冷。题词上写到：“王的使女，Na'arat，酒坛，呈至耶路撒冷。”记载的是公元前7世纪的事情，虽然此题词在4年前就已发现，但在今年10月份才公布出来。除此之外，只有一个记录以色第一个圣殿时期的纸莎草文档被发现。
9. Ancient glass factory
古玻璃工厂
Judea was known as one of the centers of glass manufacturing in the Roman world. Archaeologists excavated there mains of a glass production facility at the foot of Mt.Carmel, near Haifa, when it was discovered by workers of the Jezreel Valley Railroad Project.
在罗马帝国时期，犹大是有名的玻璃制造中心。在耶斯列谷铁路项目的工人们在海法附件的卡梅尔山脚下发现玻璃制造设施后，考古学者继续挖掘出来了其他的部分。
8. Sunken junk from Caesarea Maritima
该撒利亚国际船运的沉没垃圾
Old metal objects were typically melted and recycled, so a ship that sank on the way to the recycler offered a treasure trove of ancient metal objects when its cargo was discovered by scuba divers last summer. Protected by the sand on the sea bottom for 1,600 years, the mostly bronze objects include idols, lamps, and several clumps of coins.
旧金属物总是可以融化和再生，所以一艘运输货物至回收站的船只沉没，为我们提供了研究古代金属物体的宝贵材料。这艘船只在夏天被潜水员们发现。大部分的铜制品都是偶像，灯台和硬币，由于在海底被沙子掩盖，故保存了1600年。
7. Solomon's Palace at Gezer
位于基色的所罗门宫殿
A monumental residence built in the 10th century B.C. and excavated this past fall has been dubbed “Solomon’s Palace,” even though there’s no direct connection to the Israelite king outside of the dating, which was done through pottery remains and stratigraphic chronology. According to 1 Kings 9:16–17, the Egyptian pharaoh conquered and burned Gezer,and presented it as a dowry for his daughter’s marriage to Solomon, who then rebuilt the city.
这个秋天挖掘出来的巨型住宅是建于公元前十世纪，虽然根据残存的瓦片和地质分析，并没有直接的证据证明这是以色列王的居所，但还是将之成为“所罗门的宫殿”。《圣经》中的《列王纪上》9章16和17节提及埃及法老王攻陷并烧毁了基色，后来把此城当作女儿的嫁妆送给所罗门，所罗门又重建了此城。
6. Hundreds of Roman writing tablets
数百的罗马写字板
From the other end of the Roman Empire comes evidence for the ubiquity of writing in the first century. (Zechariah,the father of John the Baptist, used a writing tablet in Luke 1:63.) More than 400 ancient wooden tablets were excavated in London, the oldest dating to A.D. 57. The tablets were originally covered with wax and written on with a stylus. The wax is gone, but the impressions of many notes in Latin remain. They are being translated and studied.
在罗马帝国的另一端发现了可以展示第一世纪文字书写普遍性的证据。（圣经中的路加福音1章63节提到施洗约翰的父亲，撒迦利亚，用了一块写字的板）。在伦敦挖掘出来了四百多块古代木制的写字板，最老的可以追溯至公元后57年。这些写字板最开始都是用蜡覆盖着，用触控笔在上面写字。虽然蜡都脱落了，但是很多拉丁文写的笔记都还在。上面的文字在翻译和研究中。
5. Temple Mount floor designs identified
鉴定圣殿山地板的设计
The geometric patterns of the stone tile floors of the porticos of the Jewish Temple built by King Herod have been identified from tile fragments recovered by the Temple Mount Sifting Project. Volunteers have been steadily processing tons of dirt illegally excavated from Jerusalem’s Temple Mount in 1999. Seven different tile designs have been recreated so far by Frankie Snyder, a project team member with an academic background in mathematics and Judaic studies.
圣殿山筛选项目通过分析鉴定瓷砖瓦片推出了石材瓷砖地板的几何图案，这个地板是希律王建造的犹太人宫殿的门廊地板。志愿者们一直持续的加工数吨在1999年从耶路撒冷圣殿山非法挖掘出来的泥土。迄今为止，弗兰基·施耐德，项目组的一个拥有数学和犹太研究背景的成员，通过重新拼凑发现了7种地板图形。
4. Philistine cemetery excavation
非利士人古墓的出土
Some of the secrets of the Philistines, the nemesis of the ancient Israelites, are expected to be revealed as archaeologists study remains excavated from a cemetery at Ashkelon. The excavations took place over the last three summers, but were revealed only in 2016. Although most of the main cities of the Philistines have been excavated,there is still a lot of important information that has eluded scholars. But that may change with the new information gleaned from these burials. “It was just a gold mine of a cemetery,” said Daniel Master, a Wheaton College professor who co-directs the excavation.
很多非利士人的秘密随着考古学家在亚实基伦的古墓挖掘和研究的进行，将越来越多的被揭晓。非利士人是以色列人的宿敌。挖掘活动持续了三个夏天，只有2016年才被报道。虽然非利士主要城市的大部分都被挖掘，但学者们依然所知甚少。这些从埋葬物中收集到的信息仍可以带来很大的推动。丹尼尔马斯特，美国惠顿学院的教授，也是挖掘活动的带领人之一，说：“这个只是古墓中的金矿。”
3. Stone jar factory found near Cana
迦拿附近的石罐厂
Half way between Cana and Nazareth, a cave was discovered where limestone had been mined and carved into cups, bowls, and jars, which were highly valued for their ritual purity during the first century. The cave’s proximity to Cana suggests it may have been the source of the water jars that were used for the wedding in Cana attended by Jesus and his disciples in John 2:1–11.
在拿撒勒和迦拿中间的一个洞穴里发现了大量的石灰石被开采，有些已经雕琢成杯子，碗，罐子，这些器具由于其纯度极高，在第一世纪都是非常的有价值。这些位于迦拿附近的洞穴很可能就是圣经中耶稣和他的门徒们在参加婚宴时用到的水罐（约翰福音2：1-11）.
2. Lachish gate shrine illustrates Hezekiah's reforms
拉吉门神像呈现希西家的改革
In the ruins of a shrine excavated next to the gate of Lachish,the largest city of the kingdom of Judah after Jerusalem,archaeologists found an altar with the horns cut off from each corner. They also found a stone toilet that was never used, which had been placed in the holy of holies, apparently to desecrate it. They attributed both discoveries to the religious reforms under King Hezekiah, described in 2 Kings 18:4.
拉吉，是犹大国仅次于耶路撒冷的第二大城市，在拉吉门旁边挖掘出的毁坏的神像堆中，考古学家发现了一个每个角都被毁掉的祭坛。他们还发现了一个石制的厕所，厕所在至圣所旁边但却从未没有用过，显然只是用来装饰。这两大发现都呈现了圣经中列王纪下18章4节所记述的希西家的改革。
1.Unsealing the tomb of Christ
耶稣坟墓的开封
The most notable aspect of repairs that took place at the traditional tomb of Christ in October—the first look inside the tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre since at least the year 1555—is that the work men found just what they expected. The badly-in-need-of-repair marble edicule that surrounded the tomb was stripped down to the limestone platform where the body of Jesus was believed to have been laid after his crucifixion. “It appears to be visible proof that the location of the tomb has not shifted through time, something that scientists and historians have wondered for decades," said Fredrik Hiebert, National Geographic’s archaeologist-in-residence. The original limestone cave walls of the tomb were also preserved to a higher level than expected inside the edicule.
在十月份第一次看到了位于圣墓教堂的基督传统坟墓的内部，这是发生在此地至少是1555年以来最重要的修复工作。工人们看到了自己所期待的一幕。坟墓内部最需要修复的是脱落下来的石灰石平台，它被认为是曾经安放钉十字架后耶稣身体的地方。“这说明了坟墓的地址并没有随着时代而变更，而这个是数十年来科学家和史学家们一直想要知道的，”国家地理学会驻地考古学家Fredrik Hiebert如此说。在“小房子”内部坟墓的石灰岩墙壁保存的相当完整。
