老庄孔孟, 基本上是无神论的,你举的这些例子只是因为很少有无神论长期在某个国家的意识形态中占支配地位,观察的样本太少。典型的例子是苏联,它崩溃了。接下来的是中国,未来不知道会怎样。
罗素这个以前我看过不下3遍,很难说服我,感觉写的挺情绪化的,Sabre推荐的文章,里面涉及到网鱼、未尝、泡沫老师提出的一些观点,各位有兴趣可以看看,这是中文版本
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/philosophy/not_christian.txt
里面大部分是针对基督教的。
在公元二世纪,埃雷尼厄斯将天堂和乐园区分开来。在《反邪说》一书中,他写到只有那些被认为是有价值的人才能在天堂继承到一个家,其他人则或是享用乐园,或是居住在重建的耶路撒冷(该城在多次的犹太罗马之战中几乎被毁掉,但从四世纪康斯坦丁大帝时期开始重建)。奥利津也类似地区分过乐园和天堂。他把乐园描述成义人的亡灵在地上的“学校”,他们在这里做好经过天穹进入天堂的准备。神侃是娱乐,翻译是学习:
今天先来一段:
In the 2nd century AD, Irenaeus distinguished paradise from heaven. In Against Heresies, he wrote that only those deemed worthy would inherit a home in heaven, while others would enjoy paradise, and the rest live in the restored Jerusalem (which was mostly a ruin after the Jewish–Roman wars but was rebuilt beginning with Constantine the Great in the 4th century). Origen likewise distinguished paradise from heaven, describing paradise as the earthly "school" for souls of the righteous dead, preparing them for their ascent through the celestial spheres to heaven.
许多早期的基督徒认为亚布拉罕腹地为乐园。义人的亡灵在那里等待重生。其他的基督徒,例如奥古斯汀,则有不同的想法。Many early Christians identified Abraham's bosom with paradise, where the souls of the righteous go until the resurrection, others were inconstant in their identification of paradise, such as St. Augustine whose views varied.[7]
在路加福音23:43处,耶稣和与他一起被处死的一个人有一段对话。那人要耶稣在进入天国以后还记得他。耶稣说,千真万确,我告诉你,你今天就会和我同在乐园了。这常常被理解为,那个罪犯会和耶稣一起进入一个死者会暂时停留的中转场所,在那里等待重生。人们对乐园以及何时进入乐园的看法的分歧也许出自路加福音中的一个标点符号;例如,早期的叙利亚语的译文有所不同。寇瑞投尼恩福音写到“今天我告诉你,你将和我同在乐园”,与此对照,西奈重写本写到“我告诉你,今天你将和我同在乐园”。同样地,两个最早的希腊律法也有标点符号的不同: 樊提喀纳斯法在“今天”之后,有一个用原版墨水写的停顿号,而亚历山德利纳斯法则有“今天在乐园”的文字。In Luke 23:43 Jesus has a conversation with one of those crucified with him, he asks: “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom" and Jesus answered him, “Truly I tell you today you will be with me in paradise.”;[8] which is often understood to mean, that on that same day the thief and Jesus would enter the intermediate resting place of the dead who were waiting for the Resurrection.[9] Divergent views on paradise, and when one enters it, may have been responsible for a punctuation difference in Luke; for example the two early Syriac versions translate Luke 23:43 differently. The Curetonian Gospels read "Today I tell you that you will be with me in paradise", whereas the Sinaitic Palimpsest reads "I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise". Likewise the two earliest Greek codices with punctuation disagree: Codex Vaticanus has a pause mark in the original ink after 'today', whereas Codex Alexandrinus has the "today in paradise" reading.